Approaches / Sources
Sources
Every source used in the entries, grouped by approach.
There are 49 entries in this list, 49 checked and 0 marked Source to be added. A source marked in this way is a gap that still needs filling. The text it would support should be read with caution.
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
Supports: The developers' account of the ACT model and its processes. It is a primary source, not an independent review.
Supports: Independent NICE evidence review of psychological therapies, including ACT, for chronic primary pain in people aged 16 and over; findings are specific to the reviewed populations and comparisons.
LeJeune, J., & Luoma, J. B. (2019). Values in Therapy. Context Press, pp. 11–12.
Supports: In their clinical guide, LeJeune and Luoma distinguish values as qualities of behaviour and directions in life from the broader life areas. The printed pages were checked in page images by two AI readers; clinical subject review is pending.
Supports: Recommends considering ACT or CBT for pain delivered by appropriately trained professionals for people aged 16 and over with chronic primary pain in England.
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
NHS, Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
Supports: What CBT is used for and the usual number of sessions in NHS services (UK).
BACP, What is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)?
Supports: An introductory description of the approach from a UK professional body.
Supports: Publisher record identifies the authors and the 1979 first edition; it is bibliographic evidence, not a clinical effectiveness review.
Tolin, D. F. (2024). Doing CBT (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press, preface p. xi and chapter 1, pp. 9–13.
Supports: David Tolin describes CBT as a collection of conceptual elements and treatments, and emphasises understanding the interacting factors. Page markers were checked in extracted text; the page images have not yet been checked.
Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)
NHS, Treatment for borderline personality disorder
Supports: That DBT is described as a therapy designed to treat borderline personality disorder in NHS information (UK).
NICE, Borderline personality disorder: recognition and management (CG78)
Supports: Recommendation 1.3.4.5 describes considering a comprehensive DBT programme for women with borderline personality disorder when reducing recurrent self-harm is a priority (England and Wales). It does not establish that DBT is appropriate only for women.
Supports: National Library of Medicine catalogue record confirms author, title, publisher and 1993 publication. The catalogue record is not a review of the book’s clinical claims.
Emotion-focused and emotionally focused therapy (EFT)
Supports: The authors describe the related branches and their histories on page 4. Only the available sample was read; the whole book was not examined.
International Centre for Excellence in Emotionally Focused Therapy. What is EFT?
Supports: The organisation describes individual, couple and family formats of emotionally focused therapy. Its own description is not an independent assessment of effectiveness.
Exposure and response prevention (ERP)
NHS, Treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Supports: That therapy for OCD is usually a type of CBT with exposure and response prevention, as described for NHS services (UK).
NICE, Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: treatment (CG31)
Supports: Recommendations on CBT including ERP for OCD, with options depending on age, functional impairment and preference (England and Wales).
American Psychiatric Association. What are obsessive-compulsive and related disorders?
Supports: US patient information describes ERP as a first-line therapy for OCD and outlines exposure and response prevention.
Supports: The theoretical account of emotional processing of fear that is often cited in exposure-based therapies.
Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR)
Supports: An introductory description of the approach from a UK professional body.
NHS, Treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Supports: That EMDR is listed among the treatments for PTSD in NHS information (UK).
NICE, Post-traumatic stress disorder (NG116)
Supports: That the guideline contains recommendations on EMDR for adults, children and young people with PTSD, with conditions on timing and engagement (England and Wales).
Supports: The first controlled study of the procedure, by its developer.
US Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD. Overview of psychotherapy for PTSD.
Supports: US VA/DoD 2023 guideline summary recommends EMDR, cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure as individual trauma-focused psychotherapies for PTSD.
Family and systemic therapy
BACP, What is systemic therapy?
Supports: An introductory description of the approach from a UK professional body.
NICE, Eating disorders: recognition and treatment (NG69)
Supports: That the guideline says to consider anorexia-nervosa-focused family therapy for children and young people (England and Wales).
Supports: Historical overview naming several early contributors to family psychiatry and therapy; its broader theoretical arguments are not endorsed by this citation.
Gestalt therapy
BACP, What is Gestalt therapy?
Supports: An introductory description of the approach from a UK professional body.
Supports: Library catalogue records the title, authors, publisher and 1951 first edition. This bibliographic record is not a review of clinical effectiveness.
Supports: Abstract describes a meta-analysis of 38 studies from 1970–1986 and limits concerning individual treatment and long-term outcomes. The full text was not reviewed.
Supports: Review of 11 studies published from 2007 to 2018; describes limits of the search and study methods that restrict generalisation.
Supports: Abstract of a survey of 47 practitioners in the Netherlands and Flanders; participants reported working individually and, in some cases, with groups or couples. It does not establish the distribution of services elsewhere.
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
NICE, Depression in adults: treatment and management (NG222)
Supports: That the guideline lists interpersonal psychotherapy among the options for depression (England and Wales).
Supports: Library catalogue record for authors, title, publisher and 1984 publication; it is not an independent effectiveness assessment.
Supports: Review of 90 randomised trials; describes depression findings and limitations including risk of bias, small numbers in some comparisons and limited long-term data.
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
NICE, Depression in adults: treatment and management (NG222)
Supports: The guideline describes group mindfulness for depression and gives conditional recommendations for MBCT in relapse prevention (England and Wales).
Supports: Publisher record names the authors and lists the first edition as © 2002; this is bibliographic evidence, not an assessment of effectiveness.
Supports: Individual participant data from nine trials; relapse results over 60 weeks, comparison treatments and adverse-event reporting.
Motivational interviewing (MI)
Supports: The four elements of MI spirit and the distinction between empowerment and evoking. Chapter 1 excerpt read; the complete book was not checked.
Supports: The authors’ explanation of the change from evocation to empowerment in the description of MI spirit and the continued use of evoking as a task.
Supports: Guidance for England recommends a motivational intervention containing key MI elements in the initial assessment of people who misuse alcohol.
Person-centred therapy
Supports: Randomised trial in one English service: non-inferiority was supported at six months but not at twelve months; the record includes the accepted manuscript and describes the eligibility criteria and missing follow-up data.
BACP, What is person-centred counselling?
Supports: An introductory description of the approach from a UK professional body.
Supports: Rogers' original statement of the conditions he proposed for therapeutic change.
Prolonged exposure (PE)
Supports: The theoretical account of emotional processing of fear on which exposure therapies, including PE, draw.
NICE, Post-traumatic stress disorder (NG116)
Supports: The 2018 guideline lists prolonged exposure as an individual trauma-focused CBT intervention for adults with PTSD or clinically important symptoms, in defined circumstances (England and Wales).
US Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD. Prolonged Exposure (PE) for PTSD.
Supports: Description of PE, approaching safe avoided situations, typical US session duration, recordings and their privacy, and potential distress.
Supports: The existence and scope of a separate US guideline for treatment of PTSD in adults; no specific recommendation is attributed to the guideline here.
Supports: Publisher record identifies the authors, title and 2007 first edition. The catalogue description is not an independent effectiveness review.
Psychodynamic therapy
Supports: An introductory description of the approach from a UK professional body.
NICE, Depression in adults: treatment and management (NG222)
Supports: Recommendations for a new episode of depression in adults, including short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy among treatment options and shared decision-making (England and Wales).
Educational draft · Subject review pending